How could cloning raise concerns about eugenics and human equality?

Cloning raises significant concerns regarding eugenics and human equality because it could theoretically be used to select or "breed" individuals based on desired traits, effectively treating human life as a product to be designed rather than a unique individual.12

This prospect violates fundamental ethical principles of human dignity, freedom, and equality. By attempting to improve the human species through the replication of specific genetic material, cloning risks reviving eugenic ideologies—the belief that humanity can be "improved" by favoring certain traits over others. Such practices threaten the concept of human equality by creating a hierarchy of genetic value, where individuals are judged or valued based on their biological design rather than their inherent worth as human beings.213

Furthermore, critics argue that the ability to design humans undermines the natural autonomy of the individual, as it subjects human development to the control and preferences of others. Because these technologies could be exploited by authoritarian regimes or used to reinforce social inequalities, the international community, including the United Nations, has largely condemned reproductive cloning as incompatible with the protection of human life and dignity.42