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How can uterine fibroids contribute to infertility?

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Diagram showing the female reproductive system with labeled ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, alongside hormone pathways and the process from ovulation to fertilization and early embryo development. — infertility Major structures and hormones involved in the initiation of pregnancy. Also seen, at right, is the development of an egg cell (ovum) from follicle to embryo.

Uterine fibroids, or uterine leiomyomata, are benign tumours that develop from the smooth muscle cells within the wall of the uterus. While many fibroids are asymptomatic, they can contribute to infertility through two primary mechanisms:

Implantation Interference: Fibroids can disrupt the process of egg implantation within the uterine lining.12
Tubal Obstruction: They may compress the opening of the fallopian tubes, creating a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg.12

In cases where fibroids protrude into the endometrial cavity, medical professionals may determine that surgical excision is necessary to address these fertility challenges.12