How can systemic lupus erythematosus damage the kidneys?

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) damages the kidneys primarily through the deposition of immune complexes within renal tissues. These complexes form when antinuclear antibodies bind to nuclear materials released into the bloodstream during cell death or inflammation.1

The resulting accumulation of these immune complexes triggers glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys that can impair their ability to filter waste and fluid from the blood. The presence of specific autoantibodies that react with DNA and RNA is particularly associated with active kidney inflammation.23

As this damage progresses, it can lead to the deterioration of nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys. Because the degree of kidney involvement is a critical factor in determining patient survival, clinicians often prescribe immunosuppressive medications to manage cases where the kidneys are affected.23