How can repeated exposure to loud noise cause hearing loss?

Repeated exposure to loud noise causes hearing loss primarily by damaging the hair cells located in the inner ear. These specialized sensory receptors are essential for the process of hearing, as they convert fluid vibrations within the cochlea into nerve impulses that are transmitted to the brain.123

When an individual is repeatedly exposed to sounds exceeding 80 to 90 decibels, the intensity of these sound waves can lead to the irreversible destruction of these hair cells. Over time, this destruction may result in the subsequent degeneration of the associated nerve fibres. Because this type of hearing loss often begins at higher frequencies (4,000 to 6,000 hertz), the deterioration may go unnoticed until it progresses to lower, more conversational frequencies.12

Protecting one's hearing is a vital health practice, as this damage is generally permanent. Using ear protection devices, such as earplugs or earmuffs, is an effective and ethical way to prevent such physiological trauma when working or living in high-decibel environments.12