How can placental dysfunction affect fetal growth and oxygen supply?

The placenta serves as the vital organ for fetal nutrition, respiration, and excretion by mediating metabolic exchanges between maternal and fetal bloodstreams. When this organ experiences dysfunction or insufficiency, it compromises these essential processes, leading to significant developmental consequences.123

Impact on Fetal Growth and Oxygen Supply

The consequences of placental inadequacy are largely determined by the severity of the dysfunction and the timing of its onset during pregnancy:3

• Fetal Growth: Placental insufficiency is a recognized factor in restricted fetal growth. While the fetus often receives priority for nutrients over the mother, severe or prolonged placental dysfunction can impede the transfer of necessary resources, potentially resulting in decreased fetal size.3
• Oxygen Supply: Toward the end of pregnancy, placental dysfunction is frequently associated with signs of fetal distress. This includes evidence of a severe lack of oxygen, which may manifest as fetal wasting or physical indicators such as yellow staining of the skin.3
• Early Pregnancy Risks: If serious placental insufficiency occurs early in the gestational period, it may result in the death of the fetus.3