How can microorganisms help break down some kinds of microplastic pollution?

Microorganisms can help address microplastic pollution through the process of biodegradation. Certain bacterial and fungal species possess the capability to break down synthetic microplastic polymers, such as polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyester polyurethane.1

This process generally follows four stages:
* Biodeterioration: Microorganisms and environmental factors mechanically and chemically weaken the material.2
* Biofragmentation: Saprotrophic organisms excrete enzymes that reduce the molecular weight of the plastic, breaking polymers into smaller dimers and monomers.2
* Assimilation: The microorganisms absorb these fragmented compounds into their cells to use as a food source.2
* Mineralization: The material is ultimately converted into substances like water and carbon dioxide, allowing the components to re-enter Earth's elemental cycles.2

Researchers are investigating the application of these microorganisms in sewage wastewater and other contaminated environments to remediate existing microplastic pollution.1