How can malocclusion affect the alignment of teeth in opposing jaws?

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A labeled cross section illustration of an adult human molar shows the tooth's crown and root, with layers including enamel, dentin, and pulp, as well as gum, cementum, blood vessels, periodontal ligament, lateral canals, and nerve. — tooth Cross section of an adult human molar.

Malocclusion refers to an improper bite, specifically an abnormality in the way the teeth of the upper and lower jaws meet when the mouth is closed.1

When teeth are misaligned, they do not fit together correctly, which can lead to uneven pressure distribution across the dental arches. This lack of proper contact can cause excessive wear on specific teeth, strain the muscles used for chewing, and potentially affect the function of the temporomandibular joints. Because the teeth in opposing jaws are designed to interdigitate like gears, malocclusion disrupts this mechanical harmony, often requiring orthodontic intervention to restore proper alignment and function.