How can folding and faulting change the position of sedimentary rock layers?

Sedimentary rocks are initially deposited in nearly horizontal layers, but tectonic forces can significantly alter their position through the processes of folding and faulting.12

Folding

Folding occurs when stratified rocks are warped into undulations or waves due to compressional forces. This process can tilt layers from their original horizontal orientation, sometimes to the point of overturning them. Depending on the intensity of the force, layers may form:13
* Anticlines: Upward-convex folds.1
* Synclines: Upward-concave folds.1
* Recumbent folds: Folds with essentially horizontal axial planes, where strata may lie nearly flat.1

Faulting

Faulting involves the displacement of rock blocks along a fracture. This movement can change the position of sedimentary layers in several ways:42
* Vertical Displacement: In normal faults, the hanging wall slides down relative to the footwall, while in reverse faults, the hanging wall is pushed up and over the footwall.4
* Thrust Faulting: These low-angle reverse faults can place older rock units on top of younger ones, effectively disrupting the standard principle of superposition.43
* Lateral Movement: Strike-slip faults cause blocks to slide horizontally past one another.4

These secondary structures often result from the intense pressures associated with mountain building and plate tectonic activity.25