How can chlamydia increase the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy?

Chlamydia, caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, can lead to serious complications in the female reproductive system if left untreated. The infection can spread to the upper reproductive tract, causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is a primary driver of these risks.123

Impact on Fertility and Pregnancy

• Infertility: PID often results in inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes. Because these tubes serve as the essential passageways for the egg and sperm, this scarring or blockage can prevent fertilization or the movement of the fertilized egg into the uterus, leading to infertility.23
• Ectopic Pregnancy: The scarring, adhesions, or pockets created in the tubal lining by chlamydial infection can obstruct the normal passage of a fertilized egg. If the egg is delayed or unable to reach the uterus, it may implant in the fallopian tube or elsewhere outside the uterine cavity. These ectopic pregnancies are dangerous and cannot proceed to a normal birth, often requiring medical or surgical intervention.45

It is essential to seek prompt medical diagnosis and treatment for chlamydia to prevent these permanent reproductive complications.12