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How can a gate voltage change electrical conductivity in graphene?
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graphene
Atomic force microscopy image of water structures that were trapped beneath a sheet of graphene one atom thick.
By applying a gate voltage to graphene, one can induce either electron or hole conductivity, similar to the process of doping in semiconductors.1
This gate voltage effectively modulates the concentration of charge carriers within the material. Unlike conventional semiconductors, which can be switched into an insulating state by adjusting these voltages, graphene does not possess an insulator state; its electrical conductivity remains finite even at zero doping.1