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How are influenza, norovirus, and rotavirus transmitted by contaminated surfaces?

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Diagram showing the West Nile virus transmission cycle: a mosquito bites an infected bird (the primary reservoir host), then transmits the virus to humans or horses (incidental hosts) through subsequent bites. — infectious disease Birds are the primary reservoirs of West Nile virus. The virus is transmitted to humans and horses by mosquitoes that have bitten infected birds.

Influenza viruses, norovirus, and rotavirus are spread through contact with fomites, which are inanimate objects or surfaces contaminated with an infectious agent.1

When an infected individual touches a surface—such as a doorknob, keyboard, or food—they may leave behind pathogens. Transmission occurs when another person touches these contaminated surfaces and subsequently transfers the infectious agent to their own body, often through the oral cavity.12

In the case of rotavirus and norovirus, this process is a common route for fecal-oral transmission, where infectious fecal matter from contaminated surfaces or objects enters the body. While these viruses can be spread via contaminated food, they also persist on surfaces in environments like day care centers and nursing homes, facilitating outbreaks. Influenza, while also transmitted via airborne particles and respiratory droplets, can similarly be contracted by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.12