How are electrons and quarks represented by different vibrational patterns in string theory?

In string theory, subatomic particles are modeled as tiny, one-dimensional "stringlike" entities rather than zero-dimensional points. The fundamental premise is that the mass, charge, and other properties of a particle are determined by the specific way its underlying string vibrates.12

Much like how a violin string produces different musical notes depending on its vibrational pattern, the tiny strands in string theory produce different particles based on their unique oscillations. Under this framework:2

• An electron is represented as a string undergoing one specific vibrational pattern.2
• A quark is represented as a string undergoing a different, distinct vibrational pattern.2

Because these strings are incredibly small—approximately ${10}^{-33}$ cm—they appear to us as point particles. Furthermore, because strings vibrate within extra spatial dimensions, the specific geometric shape and size of those hidden dimensions influence the strings' vibrational modes, thereby dictating the physical properties of the resulting particles.2