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How are blood groups tested before a blood transfusion?
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blood analysis
The physical and chemical properties of a sample of blood are examined during blood analysis. The examination of blood is important for the accurate diagnosis of disease.
Before a blood transfusion, blood is tested to ensure compatibility between the donor and the recipient, which is essential to prevent life-threatening immune reactions such as hemolysis or coagulation.12
The primary testing procedures include:
- ABO and Rh Typing: Donors and recipients are classified by their ABO blood group system and Rh system status. This ensures that the recipient does not receive blood containing antigens that their own serum antibodies would attack.12
- Compatibility Testing (Cross-matching): This critical step involves testing the donor's red blood cells against the recipient's serum to confirm there are no adverse reactions.1
- Direct Match and Coombs Test: The Coombs test (or antiglobulin test) is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the recipient's serum that could cause immune destruction of the donor's cells.13
- Infectious Disease Screening: Donated blood is also screened for infectious agents, including HIV and hepatitis, to ensure patient safety.145