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Why is Heart of Darkness controversial?

Joseph Conrad’s 1902 novella Heart of Darkness, in which a white Englishman recounts a journey up the Congo River in Africa, is controversial because of its one-dimensional representation of African people and of women. Some critics, such as Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, have called Conrad and the book racist for seemingly using Africans as a backdrop to explore the white man’s interiority. Similarly, feminist critiques argue that female characters are flattened and used as mere symbols.