After an investigation into the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, in December 1893 U.S. Pres. Grover Cleveland rejected the proposed annexation of Hawaii and demanded the restoration of Queen Liliuokalani to the throne. Sanford Dole, the president of Hawaii’s provisional government, and his administration refused to recognize Cleveland’s authority to intervene in what they regarded as Hawaii’s domestic affairs and instead established the Republic of Hawaii on July 4, 1894, with Dole as president, and continued to seek U.S. annexation in the following years.
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