While Marcus Garvey’s views were unorthodox for the time, his influence ultimately declined when he began to engage in questionable business dealings to fund his various enterprises. He was indicted for mail fraud in 1922 and later convicted. Garvey served part of a five-year prison term before U.S. President Calvin Coolidge commuted his sentence, and he was deported in 1927. President Joe Biden pardoned Garvey in 2025.
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