Senegal has been inhabited since ancient times, with Paleolithic and Neolithic artifacts having been found near Dakar. The Fulani and Tukulor people occupied the lower Sénégal River valley in the 11th century. About 1040, Zenaga Berbers established a Muslim ribāṭ (fortified religious retreat), perhaps on an island in the river; this became the base for the Almoravids, who converted the Tukulor. Between 1150 and 1350 the legendary leader Njajan Njay founded the Jolof kingdom, which in the 16th century split into the competing Wolof states of Walo, Kajor, Baol, Sine, and Salum.
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