By the 10th century, the region extending inland from the Gulf of Aden was likely inhabited by Somali nomads and, further south and west, by pastoral Oromo groups believed to have expanded from southwestern Ethiopia. The fertile lands between the Shabeelle and Jubba rivers were settled by Bantu groups of the Nyika confederacy, including remnants of the Zanj people. Additionally, the ancestors of the Wa-Ribi (or Wa-Boni), hunters in northern Kenya and southern Somalia, also resided in the area. Muslim Arabs and Persians established coastal trading towns during the 7th to 10th centuries.
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