The first president of Equatorial Guinea upon independence in 1968 was Francisco Macías Nguema (also known as Macías Nguema Biyogo Masie). After his election in 1971, he assumed wide powers and pushed through a constitution that named him president for life in July 1972. He assumed absolute personal powers in 1973, and in 1975–77 there were many arrests and summary executions. He was overthrown by his nephew, Lieut. Col. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, in 1979 and executed.
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