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Who held political power during the Heian period?

Political power shifted considerably during the Heian period. Although emperors remained at the center of the political system, the Fujiwara family came to dominate the imperial court by marrying daughters into the imperial family and serving as regents. From the late 11th century, retired emperors exercised considerable authority through a system known as insei, or cloistered government. Meanwhile, powerful religious institutions, estate holders, and provincial warriors gained increasing influence.