During the colonial era, many Black Africans were forcibly expelled from the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, especially as British settlers acquired more land in the early 19th century. But even as the colony experienced chronic labor shortages, the Cape authorities envisioned a colony that did not include Black African as citizens. They enacted policies that allowed laborers from outside the Cape Colony to enter for work but with restricted rights. Ordinance 49 of 1828 was one such policy. It permitted Black laborers from east of the Keiskamma River to enter the Cape Colony for work if they had proper contracts and passes.
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