In 1995 Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg showed that bacteriorhodopsin retained its function after being inserted into frog egg cells. It was further determined that microbial rhodopsins could be expressed in other cell types. This work inspired Nagel’s later collaboration with Peter Hegemann, in which the two researchers identified proteins known as channelrhodopsins, light-sensitive ion channels that allow for rapid responses to light in certain microorganisms.
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