Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression, in which electrical impulses are delivered to the vagus nerve to modulate brain activity. It has also been explored for conditions such as migraines, cluster headaches, inflammatory disorders, heart failure, and certain psychiatric illnesses. By influencing neural circuits and autonomic signaling, VNS can affect seizure activity, mood regulation, and inflammatory responses.
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