Published in 1939 under M.S. Golwalkar’s name, We; or, Our Nationhood Defined identifies India as a Hindu Rashtra (“Hindu Nation”), arguing that the country’s identity is tied to Hindu culture and considering non-Hindus as outsiders unless they assimilate with Hindu culture. The book has been subject to widespread criticism, particularly regarding the author’s views of religious minorities in India. Although Golwalkar is often credited as the author of We; or, Our Nationhood Defined, some scholars contend that he merely translated it. In 2006 the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) officially distanced itself from the book.
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