Irish writer James Joyce (1882–1941) is known for his experimental use of language and exploration of new literary methods, including interior monologue, stream of consciousness, use of a complex network of symbolic parallels, and invented words, puns, and allusions in his novels, especially Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939). These two novels are considered among the most challenging in the English language. Joyce’s other works include the short-story collection Dubliners (1914) and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916).
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