The Council of Europe’s 2001 Convention on Cybercrime (commonly known as the Budapest Convention) consolidated cybercrime laws, and the European Union’s Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS) in 2016 (and its successor, NIS2, released in 2022) strengthened cybersecurity requirements across member states. In December 2024 the United Nations General Assembly adopted the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has adopted the ASEAN Cybersecurity Cooperation Strategy.
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