Mashhad’s location made it susceptible to numerous invasions, impacting its isolation and development. Under Nader Shah it served as an imperial capital. In 1912 it was bombarded by Russian forces, who damaged the shrine complex of ʿAlī al-Riḍā’s tomb. Mashhad was later a catalyst for clerical opposition against the Pahlavi dynasty, contributing to the Islamic Revolution. It has enjoyed renewed prestige and development under the resulting Islamic Republic.
verifiedCite
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Select Citation Style