Although establishing a universal empire was chief among Charles Vâs goals as Holy Roman emperor, he was unable to do so. Protestantismâs growing momentum made it impossible for Charles to prevent the fragmentation of his Catholic empire, and his attempts to unite Europe were further confounded by his enmity with France. He was also unable to establish profitable landholdings overseas: his attempts to conquer North Africa failed, and Spainâs territories in the Americas wouldnât become lucrative until the reigns of later kings. Charles V abdicated in 1556 without achieving his goal of a universal empire.
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