India’s key environmental challenges include severe air pollution, worsened by rapid urban growth, expanding transport, construction, industry, and rising energy demands. Rivers, lakes, and groundwater face sewage, industrial waste, and overuse, while deforestation, mining, soil erosion, habitat loss, and plastic waste degrade ecosystems. Climate change further intensifies these issues, exacerbating heat waves and droughts and increasing the damage from floods and coastal risk factors.
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