Because the brainstem contains centers that control vital functions and major nerve pathways, injury or disease can have serious effects. Possible consequences include difficulty speaking (dysarthria), swallowing (dysphagia), maintaining balance (vestibular disturbances), controlling eye movements, or remaining conscious. More severe damage may impair breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation, and in extreme cases can result in coma or locked-in syndrome. Symptoms vary depending on the location and extent of the damage.
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