In 2012 Lance Armstrong was stripped of his Tour de France titles. He was the first rider to win the event seven times (1999–2005), but allegations of doping followed him for much of his later career. In June 2012, a year after Armstrong retired, the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) alleged that he and several associates had been part of a doping conspiracy that began in the late 1990s. According to USADA, Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs—including erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone—and underwent blood transfusions and testosterone injections. After being stripped of his Tour titles, Armstrong continued to proclaim his innocence until 2013, when he admitted to taking performance-enhancing drugs.
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