The reforms of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) replaced the traditional Latin mass with the novus ordo (“new order”), the modern liturgical rite, which uses vernacular languages instead of Latin in the celebration of the mass and allows for more active participation by the congregation. Since then the traditional rite has not been banned but has been restricted. In 2021 Pope Francis issued an apostolic letter, Traditionis custodes (“Guardians of the Tradition”), that placed further restrictions on its celebration.
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