Germ theory is applied in modern medicine through practices that prevent, diagnose, and treat infectious diseases by targeting microorganisms. It underlies the use of antimicrobial drugs, such as antibiotics and antiviral drugs, as well as the use of vaccines that prepare the immune system to recognize and fight infections. In clinical settings, it guides the use of sterile techniques, including hand hygiene and instrument sterilization, and the use of protective equipment to reduce the spread of disease. Germ theory also informs diagnostic methods, such as microbial cultures and molecular tests, and supports public health measures such as the development of sanitation systems and disease surveillance.
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