Tuberculosis spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary infection releases bacteria into the environment by coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing. These bacteria are carried in tiny droplets that can remain suspended in the air and be inhaled by others. Transmission is more likely in crowded or poorly ventilated spaces and typically requires prolonged or repeated exposure. Tuberculosis is not spread by casual contact such as touching surfaces, sharing food, or brief interactions.
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