How do hormones influence height?

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Growth hormone (GH) serves a crucial role in determining height because of its stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production, which promotes bone growth. In addition, thyroid hormones fuel skeletal growth, insulin supports tissue development, and sex hormones trigger growth spurts. In particular, estrogen drives the closure of the epiphyseal plates (growth plates) of long bones, thereby ending their growth.