Ahmad Shah Durraniās victory in the Third Battle of Panipat resulted from superior military organization and strategy. His forces relied on heavily armed cavalry, some equipped with muskets, and lighter artillery such as swivel guns. By contrast, the Maratha army combined traditional light cavalry with infantry trained in more modern methods under Ibrahim Gardi, but these different military formations were never fully integrated into a single fighting force. During the battle, poor coordination, ineffective tactics, and the burden of protecting civilians weakened the Marathas and led to an Afghan victory.
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