Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are regulated through a case-by-case review process by government agencies that assess their safety for human health and the environment. In the United States, oversight is shared by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These agencies evaluate factors such as toxicity, allergenicity, and environmental impact before approval. Similar regulatory frameworks exist internationally, with organizations such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) helping ensure that GMO products meet established safety standards.
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