Shāh Rokh

Shāh Rokh (born Aug. 30, 1377, Samarkand, Timurid empire [now in Uzbekistan]—died March 12, 1447, Fishawand, Timurid Iran) was a Timurid ruler of much of Central Asia, best known as a patron of the arts.

Shāh Rokh was the fourth son of Timur (Tamerlane), founder of the Timurid dynasty. At Timur’s death in 1405, a struggle for control of his empire broke out among members of his family. Shāh Rokh gained control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan, and held it until his death. The only major areas of Timur’s empire outside of Shāh Rokh’s control were Syria and Khūzestān (now in southwestern Iran).

Shāh Rokh’s patronage of the arts was centred on his capital at Herāt in Khorāsān (now in western Afghanistan). Particularly important were the library and the school of miniature painting that developed and flourished there. One of his wives, Gawhar Shād, worked with the Persian architect Qavam ud-Din in the planning and construction of a series of magnificent public buildings there.

Continuing power struggles among various members of his own family forced Shāh Rokh to undertake a number of military campaigns to ensure his power. The settlements he was able to impose were temporary, and intrafamily power struggles eventually destroyed the dynasty. See also Timurid dynasty.