Louis-Sébastien Mercier

Louis-Sébastien Mercier (born June 6, 1740, Paris, France—died April 25, 1814, Paris) was one of the first French writers of drame bourgeois (middle-class drama). In Du théâtre (1773; “About the Theatre”), he emphasized the didactic function of the theatre, and in his plays he presented a thesis, subordinating dramatic considerations to the didactic end. He criticized traditional French tragedy as artificial and sterile, though he was not himself a technical innovator.

Mercier wrote about 60 plays, including a social comedy, La Brouette du vinaigrier (1775; “The Barrel-load of the Vinegar Merchant”); Jenneval (published 1767; performed 1781), adapted from George Lillo’s London Merchant (1731); such dramas as Le Faux Ami (1772; “The False Friend”) and the antimilitarist Le Déserteur (published 1770, performed 1782; “The Deserter”); and two historical dramas about the French religious wars, Jean Hennuyer évêque de Lisieux (1772; “Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lisieux”) and La Destruction de la ligue (1782; “The Destruction of the League”), which were so anticlerical and antimonarchical that they were not performed until after the French Revolution. Mercier also wrote a work of prophetic imagination, L’An 2440 (1770; “The Year 2440”), and Le Tableau de Paris (2 vol., 1781; 12 vol., 1782–89; “The Tableau of Paris”), a work that classifies social types in a way that foreshadows the novels of Honoré de Balzac.

Mercier, nicknamed “Le Singe de Jean-Jacques” (“Jean-Jacques’ Ape”), was strongly influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s views of society, rejecting the prevalent belief in progress. As a moderate member of the Convention, he opposed the death penalty for Louis XVI. He was imprisoned during the Terror but was released after Robespierre’s death.