The 1619 Project

The 1619 Project, a celebrated and controversial multimedia journalism series that reframes U.S. history around African American experiences, particularly slavery and its legacy in contemporary American life. Introduced on August 14, 2019, in a special issue of The New York Times Magazine, The 1619 Project has grown to encompass multiple issues of that magazine, numerous accompanying articles and essays in The New York Times, live events, a school curriculum, books, a television documentary, and a podcast. The 1619 Project was originated by New York Times Magazine staff writer Nikole Hannah-Jones, who received the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for the project’s introductory essay.

The 1619 Project begins by provocatively identifying the origin of the United States as the 1619 introduction of enslaved Africans to the English colonies that became the United States, rather than such celebrated events as the 1620 arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers or the 1776 signing of the Declaration of Independence. In focusing on that ignominious dawn, the project centers the narrative of American history around the consequences of slavery and the historically marginalized contributions of Black Americans. According to Jake Silverstein, the editor in chief of The New York Times Magazine, “The very premise of The 1619 Project, in fact, is that many of the inequalities that continue to afflict the nation are a direct result of the unhealed wound created by 250 years of slavery and an additional century of second-class citizenship and white-supremacist terrorism inflicted on black people (together, those two periods account for 88 percent of our history since 1619).” To that end, the project also features numerous pieces that show how the modern United States is still being shaped by the legacy of slavery. The essay “What the Reactionary Politics of 2019 Owe to the Politics of Slavery” by Jamelle Bouie, for example, ties 19th-century attempts to preserve slavery to modern conservative movements’ distaste for federal authority. More idiosyncratically, Kevin M. Kruse’s “How Segregation Caused Your Traffic Jam” pinpoints racist policies of the past as a major contributor to contemporary Atlanta traffic.

Hannah-Jones, whose previous writing on American segregation earned her a MacArthur grant in 2017, first pitched the idea to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the 1619 voyage at a New York Times Magazine editorial meeting in January 2019. An early decision was made that almost everyone involved in the writing of the issue would be Black, so that the history described would be told through African American perspectives. As the issue took shape, other departments of The New York Times became involved, turning the endeavor into a company-wide project. The online edition of the magazine issue is interactive, and The Times started an accompanying five-episode “1619” podcast series. Shortly after the special issue of the magazine was published, the Sunday edition of The New York Times featured a special section on the transatlantic slave trade, and even the newspaper’s sports section featured an essay describing slavery’s impact on professional sports in August 2019.

Positive feedback and multiple awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Hannah-Jones, led to the expansion of the series, filling additional issues of the magazine and other Times publications. In 2021 two books were released: The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story, an expansion of the first magazine issue, and The 1619 Project: Born on the Water, a children’s picture book. The following year the streaming service Hulu ran a six-part The 1619 Project docuseries starring Hannah-Jones.

Although many historians have applauded The 1619 Project’s general aim of bringing attention to the centrality of African Americans in the development of the United States, some have also criticized its accuracy. On December 20, 2019, an open letter by five prominent historians—Gordon S. Wood, James M. McPherson, Sean Wilentz, Victoria Bynum, and James Oakes—was published in The New York Times in which they declared there to be “errors, which concern major events” within the project and objected to specific statements claiming that slavery was a central motivation for the American Revolution and the project’s treatment of Pres. Abraham Lincoln’s views on Black equality. Similarly, Leslie M. Harris, a history professor who had consulted for the project, wrote in Politico in March 2020 that protecting slavery was not, in fact, one of the primary causes of the American Revolution. Harris also claimed that the magazine’s depictions of slavery in early America were anachronistic, reflecting laws and practices more characteristic of the antebellum period than the colonial era. Editor in chief Jake Silverstein at first defended the project’s positions but later softened the language in Hannah-Jones’s essay to read that only “some” of the colonists fought the British to defend slavery.

The 1619 Project also endured a torrent of political criticism, mainly from right-wing politicians and commentators who considered it to be an effort to delegitimize the United States. In November 2020 Pres. Donald Trump, running for reelection at the time, went as far as to form an 18-member “1776 Commission” to produce a “dispositive rebuttal” of the project. None of the commission’s members, however, were professional historians themselves, and the report they produced was almost unanimously derided by those who were. Shortly after taking office in 2021, Pres. Joe Biden revoked the report. The 1619 Project was also banned by Republican officials from being taught in Florida public schools, first by a 2021 Florida State Board of Education amendment banning critical race theory and later by the 2022 Stop the Wrongs to Our Kids and Employees (WOKE) Act.