lust

lust, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, issued by the Vatican in 1992, lust is the “disordered desire for or inordinate enjoyment of sexual pleasure.” It goes on to state that “sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for itself, isolated from its procreative and unitive purposes.” A person can have a lust for power or material things, but in its moral and spiritual usages the term lust typically refers to sexual activities.

As a deadly sin, lust is believed to spur other sins and additional immoral behavior. For example, lust may lead to adultery, which itself is a mortal sin (i.e., a grave action that is committed in full knowledge of its gravity and with the full consent of the sinner’s will). According to Catholic theology, lust can be overcome through the practice of the heavenly virtue of chastity.

The seven deadly sins were first enumerated by Pope St. Gregory the Great (540–604) and were later elaborated by St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274). Along with lust, the deadly sins are pride, wrath, greed, envy, gluttony, and sloth. In the Catholic catechismal tradition, lust is understood to be forbidden by the Ten Commandments, which prohibit both adultery and coveting the spouse of another. In the Sermon on the Mount, as depicted in the Gospel According to Matthew, Jesus refers to the commandment against adultery and adds, “But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lust has already committed adultery with her in his heart” (5:28). In his Letter to the Galatians, St. Paul the Apostle advises, “Live by the Spirit and you will certainly not gratify the desire of the flesh” (5:16). Among the obvious “works of the flesh” are “immorality, impurity” and “orgies” (5:19).

In his Confessions (c. 400 ce), St. Augustine of Hippo writes about his struggle with lust throughout his youth. He describes lust as a form of bondage that divided his will between the carnal and the spiritual. His inner conflict is perhaps summarized most famously in his youthful prayer, “Give me chastity and continence, only not yet” (Book VIII, chapter 7). Augustine’s salvation comes after a child’s voice directs him to “take up and read,” whereupon he finds in Paul’s writings the inspiration to adopt a life of chastity.

Among the many classic literary works that depict one or more of the seven deadly sins is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales (1387–1400), in which a group of pilgrims engage in a storytelling contest during their journey from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket (1118–70) in Canterbury, Kent. The tales abound with instances of sexual conquest and licentious behavior, and some characters are described in ways that personify lust.

In 2021 Pope Francis drew international attention for remarking that sins of the flesh “are not the most serious” in comparison with the sins of pride and hatred. After accepting the resignation of a French archbishop who had been accused of an indiscretion with a woman, the pope called the archbishop’s act “a failing against the sixth commandment,” the prohibition against adultery, but added, “There is a sin there but not the worst kind.”