Takebe Katahiro

Takebe Katahiro (born 1664, Edo [now Tokyo], Japan—died 1739, Edo) was a Japanese mathematician of the wasan (“Japanese calculation”) tradition (see mathematics, East Asian: Japan in the 17th century) who extended and disseminated the mathematical research of his teacher Seki Takakazu (c. 1640–1708).

Takebe’s career was one of the most prestigious that a wasan mathematician ever experienced. He served successively two shoguns, Tokugawa Ienobu (reigned 1709–12; see Tokugawa period), initially lord of Kōfu, whom he escorted all along his rise to the supreme position, and Tokugawa Yoshimune (reigned 1716–45), an enlightened sovereign who gave a significant impulse to scientific research in Japan by encouraging scholars of various fields and by showing a personal interest in astronomy and calendar reform.

Takebe Katahiro became a pupil of Seki at the age of 13 and, together with his brother Kataaki, remained with him until his death in 1708. The brothers did their utmost to spread Seki’s work, to make it easier to understand, and to defend it against detractors. They were the main craftsmen of Seki’s project (launched 1683) to record mathematical knowledge in an encyclopaedia. The Taisei sankei (“Comprehensive Classic of Mathematics”), in 20 volumes, was finally completed by Takebe Kataaki in 1710. It gives a good picture of Seki’s skill at reformulating problems, as well as Takebe Katahiro’s ability to correct, perfect, and extend his master’s intuitions.

The 1720s were Takebe’s most creative period. In his Tetsujutsu sankei (1722; “Art of Assembling”), a philosophical as well as a mathematical work, he explained what he regarded as the fundamental features of mathematical research. He distinguished two ways of solving a mathematical problem (and two corresponding types of mathematicians): an “investigation based on numbers,” an inductive approach that involves scrutinizing and manipulating data until one finds a general law; and an “investigation based on principle,” a reasoned approach that involves directly utilizing rules and procedures, as in algebra. The two approaches are often complementary, as he demonstrated by showing that an infinite series that he had obtained inductively could also be derived algebraically. His procedure for calculating the infinite series played a key role in the development of analysis in Japan in the following decades.