Why are ferns classified as vascular plants?

Ferns are classified as vascular plants because they possess specialized vascular tissue used to transport water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.12

This conducting system consists of two primary types of tissue:
* Xylem: Composed of tubular cells that conduct water and minerals from the roots upward.13
* Phloem: Composed of sieve elements that transport food materials (carbohydrates) manufactured during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant.13

Unlike nonvascular bryophytes, which lack these structures, the presence of vascular tissue allows ferns to develop true stems, leaves, and roots. These tissues form a central column known as a stele, which provides structural support and enables the plant to grow larger and adapt to various terrestrial environments.13