How do maidenhair ferns produce and position their spores?

Maidenhair ferns, which belong to the family Pteridaceae, produce their spores within structures called sori. These sori are clusters of sporangia that develop on the undersurfaces of the fern's fronds.12

Regarding their positioning, many ferns protect their developing sporangia using the margin of the leaf. In this arrangement, the edge of the leaf is rolled over to cover and shield the sori. This is a common strategy among various ferns to protect reproductive organs during their maturation. Once mature, the sporangia typically release their spores through a process of breakage and shrinking, which allows the spores to be dispersed.12