How did DNA evidence change the classification of Malvales?

DNA evidence has fundamentally transformed the classification of the Malvales order by shifting the basis of taxonomy from traditional morphological, chemical, and anatomical traits to molecular-based phylogenetic analysis.12

Under the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) system, which utilizes DNA sequencing from chloroplasts and nuclei, the circumscription of Malvales has been refined to form a more robust, monophyletic group. This molecular approach has led to significant changes compared to older systems, such as the Cronquist system:12

• Reclassification of Families: Families previously associated with Malvales based on physical appearance have been moved elsewhere. For example, the Elaeocarpaceae family, once traditionally included in or near the order, is now placed in [Oxalidales].1
• Consolidation: The order is now recognized as a well-supported group within the malvids, consisting of 10 families, including Malvaceae—which now incorporates the former families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae—as well as Dipterocarpaceae and others.12

These molecular techniques provide testable data that often conflict with older, morphology-based schemes, ensuring that the current classification better reflects evolutionary relationships.2