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Can bryophytes grow in water?

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Thick green bryophyte moss covers the trunks of three oak trees in a forest, with fallen leaves on the ground. — Bryophyte Bryophyte moss growing on oak trees.

Yes, some bryophytes are adapted to live in totally aquatic habitats, though they are primarily considered land plants. While most bryophytes thrive in moist or wet environments—such as forest floors, rocks, and soil—several species have evolved to grow in water.12

For example, the moss genus Fontinalis, often referred to as water moss, is known for its aquatic growth habit. Despite these adaptations, it is important to note that no bryophytes are found in salt water. Additionally, even those that live in aquatic environments retain a reliance on water for their reproductive processes, as their motile sperm require a liquid medium to reach and fertilize the egg.341