Why were Omar Bongo’s presidential elections in the 1990s criticized?

Following the restoration of a multiparty system in Gabon, Omar Bongo was reelected to the presidency in 1993 and 1998. These elections were criticized and clouded by widespread allegations of fraud.12

The 1993 presidential election, in particular, led to significant popular dissatisfaction and unrest. Following the results, protests erupted in several cities, which were met with suppression by the government. These demonstrations were further fueled by a 50 percent devaluation of the currency in January 1994, resulting in violent clashes that left dozens of people dead and many others injured.12