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Why were Chinese and Mongol soldiers important to the Manchu conquest of China?

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Map of eastern Asia highlighting Manchuria in northeastern China, which includes the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The highlighted area borders Russia, Mongolia, and North Korea. — Manchuria The historical region of Manchuria shown with the boundaries of the modern-day Chinese provinces in its place as well as the portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region that is often considered part of Manchuria.

The Manchu conquest of China was not a solitary Manchu effort but a multiethnic military achievement. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the soldiers in the Banner system were of Manchu ancestry, as the Manchu integrated both Mongol and Chinese forces into their military structure.12

Chinese soldiers and collaborators were essential to the conquest for several reasons:
* Military and Technical Expertise: Chinese collaborators provided critical military skills, technical knowledge, and advanced iron-smelting and artillery technology acquired from the Ming dynasty.12
* Institutional Models: They encouraged the adoption of Chinese institutional and political models, helping the Manchu transition from a tribal-based leadership to a centralized state apparatus.12
* Manpower: Large numbers of Han Chinese were organized into the Army of the Green Standard, which served as an imperial constabulary force.12

Mongol soldiers were also vital, as the Manchu incorporated them into the banner organization in 1635. By securing the loyalty of these groups, the Manchu were able to leverage a diverse, professionalized army to overcome the Ming and consolidate control over China.312