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Why was Luxembourg linked to the Netherlands under William I?
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Following the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the future of Luxembourg was determined by the allied powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.12
The congress elevated Luxembourg to the status of a grand duchy and granted it to William I, who was the prince of Orange-Nassau and king of the Netherlands. Consequently, Luxembourg was linked to the Netherlands solely because it became a personal possession of William I, despite maintaining the legal position of an independent state.12
During this period, the grand duchy also held a complex status as a member of the German Confederation, which included the presence of a Prussian military garrison in its capital city.12