Why is population density low in the Gobi Desert?

The population density of the Gobi Desert is low—fewer than three persons per square mile—primarily due to its extreme and harsh climate.12

The region is characterized by an acutely continental environment with significant seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations, ranging from bitter winters with temperatures below −40 °F (−40 °C) to hot summers exceeding 113 °F (45 °C). This climate is driven by the desert's high elevation and its inland location, which isolates it from the moderating influence of oceans. Furthermore, the Gobi lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas, resulting in very low annual precipitation, often less than 8 inches (200 mm).32

These challenging conditions have historically limited human settlement, leading inhabitants to adopt nomadic livestock raising as the primary economic activity. Additionally, environmental issues such as soil erosion, groundwater contamination, and pollution have further impacted the habitability of the region.12